《菲律宾群岛》中的一封总督弗朗西斯科·德特略Francisco Tello致腓力二世之信

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Letters from Francisco Tello to Felipe II

Sire:

Last year I wrote your Majesty an account of the state of military affairs. What has happened since then is as follows.

The pacification of Mindanao was undertaken by General Don Juan Ronquillo, who fought with the enemy and eight hundred Terrenatans who came to their assistance. He destroyed and defeated them, killing a number of people. Just when the ruler of Mindanao had offered to make peace, Ronquillo received my order to retire with all his forces to La Caldera, as I did not know of the successful engagement. Before this he had written to me, after having conquered the enemy, that, on account of this success and the improvement of affairs, he would not, even if he should receive an order from me to do so, retire until affairs were more settled. However, when my order arrived, he was in some difficulties, and therefore left that place and retired to La Caldera, which is near. There he built a fort, and before he departed thence, he received my second order to remain at the river of Mindanao, the first place taken, and build a fort there. Not only did he fail to comply with this order, but he has returned with Page 158all the troops except a hundred men, leaving everything there exposed to danger. I reported this to the Audiencia, and after they had examined the papers thereof, I resolved to arrest the said Don Juan, accuse him, and after trying him, convict or acquit him.1 Affairs being in this condition, I sent aid to La Caldera, which was very necessary; and I wrote to the army, encouraging them to persevere in the service of your Majesty.

It is now eight months since the rising in the province of Cagayan. The country is in rebellion, but it is true that the encomenderos gave cause for the disturbance by oppressing the natives with tributes, and in other ways. The one who caused most harm in this respect was Don Rodriguez Ronquillo, who died while in prison for this cause. The addition of four reals to the tribute, which was collected last year, also helped to rouse the rebellion. When I considered the serious harm which might result from the uprising in the land, I sent the master-of-camp, Pedro de Chaves, with competent troops, in order that, by means of kind methods, he might reduce them completely to the service of your Majesty. I ordered also that the increase in the tribute be suspended; and this has been done and will be continued until your Majesty is pleased to order otherwise. I think that, until the affairs of this land are better established, say for six years, these four reals should not Page 159be collected; but your Majesty will provide according to the royal pleasure.

The master-of-camp arrived with his troops at Cagayan, and in conformity with my order he pacified that land; and Magalate, the leader of the Indians, was killed by some soldiers in ambush.2 This Indian had so much ability, authority, and shrewdness that he could have caused much damage if he had lived. The master-of-camp has now returned, and I am examining the papers which he brought with him. Although it is thought best to punish some of the subdued Indians, it is being done with mercy; for the bishop of Cagayan has told me that he holds a certain decree of your Majesty, whereby it appears that the war waged against those Indians at their conquest was not fully justified.

There have also been other uprisings of the ?ambales blacks3 in Pampanga, but they have all been suppressed by the effective measures which are so necessary in this land. I have succeeded in pacifying an Indian by the name of Casilian, who is the chief of the ?ambales; and I am trying to bring him to this city, and to change the site of his settlement, in order that we may have more security.

There is always suspicion of Xapon, and, according to the advices which I now have, those people desire exceedingly to come here, although it is difficult Page 160for them to do so by ship. Consequently, I am, and shall be, well prepared for them, with arms in readiness. Garrisons are always maintained in that part of the country by which they would approach, namely, in the province of Cagayan. I have great hope, God helping, that Japon will be subdued. Several prominent persons there, with whom I have friendship and communication, have written to me. I have replied to them, and sent them presents, as must be done with these people. The one who is most friendly is the general of Coria, named Gentio, who is close in the order of succession in the kingdom to the Conbaco.4 He wrote me that, although not a Christian himself, he is a friend of Christians. Having this good-will, he might receive the holy gospel, and I am trying to bring this to pass. This communication is secret, being without the knowledge of the Conbaco, who is very much hated in his kingdom, because of his great tyranny.

The ambassador Don Luis de Navarrete, whom I sent to the Conbaco, arrived there safely with the present which he took with him. The elephant was very well received, and they tell me that on the day when he entered Meaco (where the court of Japon resides), the concourse of people in the plaza was so great—because they had never seen elephants before—that seven persons were suffocated. When the ambassador had ascended to the hall, the king came out to meet him with thirty kings who were his vassals. My letter, a copy of which was sent to your Majesty last year, was then read in public. It was well received, and the king said that he would reply Page 161thereto. Then he wished to see the present which had been put in twelve boxes. Greatly excited and enraged by a picture of myself, which represented me armed and with a cane in my hand, he asked in a loud voice whether this were intended as a threat. He was answered in the negative, but that it was a custom of persons who held high offices to send their portraits as tokens of regard and friendship when embassies were despatched. Thereupon he was appeased, and ordered the picture to be placed in a large hall, and directed his wives and children to go to see it. After this the ambassador was invited to dine with him three times, and was finally dismissed with a present of twelve coats of mail, thirty lances, and two horses. The despatch has not yet arrived, but I fear that the ambassador has died, for he was very ill at Nangasaque. The information which I give your Majesty was gained from a letter of his.5

In compliance with your Majesty's orders, and after investigating the embarrassments of the royal treasury, I have cashiered two companies commanded by two of my relatives, thereby saving expenses to the treasury of more than two thousand pesos a year; but if you consider it best for your Majesty's service to extend the reduction somewhat, it shall be done.

Within this city I have made an impregnable refuge, which is bounded on one side by the sea and on another by the river; while on the land side one thousand armed men can, if sufficiently provisioned, defend it against one hundred thousand. I am uneasy, however, because Nueva Espa?a neglects this important Page 162post. The troops sent me from that country are useless, and the majority of them are unarmed. The captains deprive the soldiers of their wages, and I have a hundred such complaints. I have sent advices of everything to the Conde de Monterrey,6 in order that he may correct this evil, for the reparation thereof belongs to him. Your Majesty's service will be furthered by giving orders to this effect.

I beseech your Majesty to order that, for the use of the troops of this camp, eight hundred arquebuses, four hundred muskets, and three hundred coats of mail be brought from Spain; for the troops are unarmed and your Majesty is put to much useless expense. I should wish never to have been born if, on any occasion, this kingdom could not be defended for your Majesty, for lack of arms.

I have found here an invention of the Sangleys for founding artillery. It is easy of accomplishment, and as there is much metal in the royal warehouses I am having fifty pieces of artillery made, which will take a ball of one to three libras' weight, the size most needed here. After these are finished, I shall not fail to go to China to attack the Sangleys. May our Lord preserve the royal Catholic person of your Majesty as is needed by these kingdoms, and as we your vassals desire. Manila, June 17, 1598.

Deepl机翻

弗朗西斯科-特洛给菲利普二世的信 陛下。 去年我给陛下写了一份关于军事事务状况的报告。此后发生的情况如下。 棉兰老岛的平定工作由唐-胡安-隆基洛将军负责，他与敌人和八百名前来援助的特雷纳特人交战。他消灭并击败了他们，杀死了不少人。就在棉兰老岛的统治者提出求和的时候，隆基洛接到我的命令，让他带着所有的部队退到拉卡德拉，因为我不知道交战成功的消息。在此之前，他在征服了敌人之后曾写信给我，说鉴于这次成功和事态的改善，即使他接到我的命令，也不会退兵，直到事态更加稳定。然而，当我的命令到达时，他遇到了一些困难，因此离开了那个地方，退到了附近的拉卡德拉。他在那里建了一个堡垒，在他离开那里之前，他收到了我的第二个命令，让他留在棉兰老岛的河边，也就是第一个被占领的地方，在那里建一个堡垒。他不仅没有遵守这一命令，而且还带着除一百人以外的所有部队返回，使那里的一切都面临着危险。我向议会报告了此事，在他们审查了相关文件后，我决定逮捕上述唐璜，指控他，并在审判他后，将他定罪或宣告无罪。1事务处于这种状态，我向拉卡尔德拉派遣了援助，这是非常必要的；我给军队写信，鼓励他们坚持为陛下服务。 自卡加延省起义以来，至今已有八个月。这个国家处于叛乱之中，但确实是封臣们用贡品和其他方式压迫当地人，导致了这场骚乱。在这方面造成最大伤害的是唐-罗德里格斯-隆基洛，他在狱中因这个原因而死亡。去年征收的贡品中增加了四雷亚尔，这也有助于激起叛乱。当我考虑到这片土地上的起义可能造成的严重危害时，我派营长佩德罗-德-查维斯带着精干的部队，以便通过仁慈的方法，使他们完全为陛下服务。我还命令暂停增加贡品；这一点已经做到了，并将继续下去，直到陛下高兴地发出其他命令。我认为，在这片土地上的事务得到更好的确立之前，比如说在六年内，这四雷亚尔不应该被征收；但陛下将根据皇家的意愿提供。 营长带着他的部队来到卡加延，按照我的命令，他平定了那片土地；印度人的首领马加拉特在埋伏中被一些士兵杀死。营长现在已经回来了，我正在检查他带来的文件。虽然人们认为最好惩罚一些被征服的印度人，但这是出于仁慈；因为卡加延的主教告诉我，他持有陛下的某项法令，据此看来，在征服这些印度人时对他们发动的战争是不完全合理的。 在邦板牙还发生过其他黑人起义，但都被有效的措施所镇压，而这些措施在这片土地上是非常必要的。我已经成功地安抚了一个名叫卡西利亚的印度人，他是安巴列斯人的首领；我正试图把他带到这个城市，并改变他的居住地，以便我们可以有更多的安全。 人们总是怀疑Xapon，而且根据我现在得到的建议，那些人非常想来这里，尽管他们很难乘船来。因此，我现在和将来都会为他们做好充分的准备，并准备好武器。在他们要来的地方，即在卡加延省，一直都有驻军。在上帝的帮助下，我非常希望杰庞能被征服。与我有友谊和交流的那里的一些知名人士给我写信。我已经给他们回了信，并给他们送了礼物，这是对这些人必须做的。其中最友好的是科里亚的将军，名叫Gentio，他在王国的继承顺序上与康巴科很接近。4他写信给我说，虽然他自己不是基督徒，但他是基督徒的朋友。有了这种善意，他可能会接受神圣的福音，而我正努力使之成为现实。这封信是秘密的，因为康巴科不知道，他在他的王国里非常憎恨，因为他有很大的暴政。 我派往康巴科的大使Don Luis de Navarrete带着他的礼物安全抵达那里。大象受到了很好的接待，他们告诉我，在他进入梅阿科（雅庞宫廷所在地）的那一天，广场上的人群非常多--因为他们以前从未见过大象，有七个人被憋死了。当大使登上大厅时，国王带着他的三十个诸侯国的国王出来迎接他。我的信，即去年寄给陛下的信的副本，当时被公开宣读。这封信受到了好评，国王说他会就此作出答复。然后他想看看放在十二个箱子里的礼物。一张我自己的照片让他非常激动和愤怒，照片上的我全副武装，手里拿着一根拐杖，他高声问道，这是否是一种威胁。他得到的回答是否定的，但按照惯例，担任高级职务的人在出使时都会送上自己的画像以示尊重和友好。于是，他被安抚下来，并下令将画像放在一个大厅里，并指示他的妻子和孩子们去看。此后，大使被邀请与他共进晚餐三次，最后被遣散，并赠送了12件大衣、30支长矛和两匹马。快递还没有到，但我担心大使已经死了，因为他在南加塞克病得很重。我给陛下的信息是从他的一封信中得到的。 遵照陛下的命令，在调查了王室国库的窘境之后，我已经将我的两个亲戚指挥的两个连队出纳了，从而每年为国库节省了两千多比索的开支；但如果你认为为了陛下的利益，最好将削减的范围扩大一些，就应该这样做。 在这座城市里，我建立了一个坚不可摧的避难所，它一边是海，另一边是河；而在陆地上，如果有足够的装备，一千名武装人员可以抵御十万人。然而，我感到不安，因为新西班牙忽略了这个重要的前哨。从那个国家派给我的部队毫无用处，他们中的大多数人都没有武器。队长们剥夺了士兵们的工资，我有一百个这样的抱怨。我已经把所有的事情都通知了蒙特雷伯爵，6以便他能纠正这种弊端，因为这种补救措施属于他。下达这样的命令，可以促进陛下的工作。 我恳求陛下下令从西班牙运来八百辆马车、四百支火枪和三百件大衣，供这个营地的部队使用；因为部队没有武器，陛下要付出很多无用的代价。如果在任何情况下，由于缺乏武器，这个王国无法为陛下进行防御，我真希望自己从未出生过。 我在这里发现了桑格人的一项发明，用于建造火炮。它很容易完成，由于皇家仓库里有很多金属，我正在制作50件火炮，它们可以承受一到三里拉重的球，这是这里最需要的尺寸。在这些完成之后，我将不遗余力地前往中国，攻击桑格莱人。愿我们的主保护陛下的天主教皇室成员，这是这些国家所需要的，也是我们这些附庸所希望的。1598年6月17日，马尼拉。 通过www.DeepL.com/Translator（免费版）翻译