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MUZEA W POLSCE https://www.e-muzeum.eu/

尔汉人，一日三餐，夜又饮酒。朕一日两餐，当年出师塞外，日食一餐。今十四阿哥领兵在外亦然。尔汉人若能如此，则一日之食，可足两食，奈何其不然也？

  Object details: Object ID BHC0727 Description Ships bearing the flags of several different nations are shown in a bay. A fortress stands on a rugged headland, on the far left, with a rocky coastline and islet beyond. Figures can be seen on a jetty, in the left foreground, including two exquisitely dressed men in the far left. They are attended by servants carrying a parasol to shield them from the sun. Further along traders in turbans, also sheltered by parasols, are negotiating with seamen who have unloaded bales of merchandise. The large ship, on the left, flies the flags of Holland and Zeeland and has fired her guns in salute. The three-master, in the centre, with furled mizzen and topsails, flies English colours and the Royal Standard. The vessel to her right is Spanish and is preparing to fire a salute. The ship, in the distance, on far right is, also, Dutch and is flying the Double Prince ensign of the Admiralty of Amsterdam and a Dutch pennant. There are small boats by the...

一、练火器 古人制造各样火器俱足御虏，然营中所便奇巧莫过鸟机，不过以之歼渠魁之用而已。其催锋陷阵凶狠无过灭虏炮，简便无过三眼枪，第临阵张皇之际，岂暇细认照准星，只要演得苗头不低不高，临事点放得齐，后边装替得快，装不误打，打不误装，更番熟习如雨不绝，斯为得法。故演三眼枪之法，无论车步，编成队伍，队长鸣角一声，一眼齐响，后响及点放不着者，伍长记定事完责处，又鸣角一声，二眼齐响。三眼响尽，装这亦完，如此更番庶不误事。一队合之一总，一总合之一营，众心齐一毫无差参，斯为闲习。又择坚厚土墙，一堵石灰画一横道，高如人胸，宽止一尺，八十步外对打即可演习苗头，又可不费铅子。至于灭虏大炮更要忖定苗头，如炮口前高一寸，百步之外应高几尺，二百步之外应高几尺，量贼营远近，度地势高下，酌量的确，方不虚发，又须人器相习，庶无震恐。顾火器麋费既多，乍生点放不易，往往畏难惰懒，动以混乱烽火为辞，平居既不相习，临时手足无措，火门涩锈，火药蒸‘痗’，铅子既不合堂，苗头又无定准，或点而不着，或着而不响，或响而不准，如此却归罪火器无益营伍，火器能言亦当称屈。其演放火炮之法，须择远僻之处，或前临土城，或面对山冈，上刷石灰以便认识，月演二次足矣。火器火门火药火绳铅子药线药袋药‘鄨’等件各该千百总、队长、伍长时常查考协营，不时点验本道‘稽’查之法，亦如骑兵焉。

Ce quy est le plus pressé maintenant est de fayre construyre le plus grand nombre de vaisseaulx que l'on pourra, selon le modèle que j'ay présanté à Vostre Grandeur et particulyerremant pour les costes de Normandye. Il ne convyent pas que les vaisseanlx soyent de plus de deux à troys cens tonneaux, à cause que les ports ne sont pas assez proffonds pour y en avoyr de plus grands. Mays comme je les ay projectés, ils pourront porter seize pièces de canon, de la nouvelle foute, invention de Hollande, de vingt-quatre livres de balle, dont il y en aura quatre quy battront droyct devant. Les pattaches de six vingts tonneaux de mesme modelle porteront huict pièces de dix-huit livres de balle, deux desquels batteront droyct devant. Il ne se trouvera poinct de vaisseaulx dans la mer quy puisse sy bien aller à la voylle et résister aux tourmentes ainsy qu'ils feront; et de plus, c'est que du calme, elles vogueront avecq de grands avyrons en forme de gallyaces; partant, les susdict...

  London Gazette 。 https://www.thegazette.co.uk/

On the 26th Elgin and Grant rode to Changkiwan to visit General Ignatiev. It turned out that the general had an excellent map of Beijing, on which every street and house of importance was shown. Mapping inside Beijing was, of course, offi cially forbidden, but the Russians did manage to produce a good map. It had apparently been drawn after the streets were measured by a cart from whose interior the street angles had been measured, while indicators were fixed to the wheels to count the number of revolutions, from which the distance covered could be calculated. That made it possible to give tangible help to the allies, since in the event of any attack on the city it would be helpful to have some idea of what or who – including the prisoners – was atwhat point of the city. Ignatiev allowed Hope Grant to copy that map in a photograph taken by the Italian freelance photographer, Felice Beato, who had accompanied the entire allied campaign. 26日，额尔金和格兰特骑马前往张家湾拜访伊格纳季耶夫将军。原来，将军有一张精美的北京地图，每一条重要...

Appendix: A Note on the British and French Armies for the March from Pehtang to Beijing (Excluding garrisons left behind, for example in Canton, Hong Kong or Zoushan) The allied armies deployed to China were a surprisingly polyglot grouping in which the Indians were brigaded with English units. British army: the commander in chief was Lt General Sir James Hope Grant. The army had a cavalry brigade commanded by acting Brigadier General Thomas Pattle and comprising a detachment of the 1st Kings Dragoon Guards (KDG), the 1st Sikh Cavalry (Probyn’s Horse), Fane’s Horse and Stirling’s battery of artillery. All three cavalry regiments brought their horses with them from India, and in good condition. That was fortunate, given the diffi culties in obtaining good horses in China. The 339 heavy troop horses of the KDG were to be particularly valuable in action. The 1st Division, under Major General Sir John Michel, was organised into two brigades. The 1st Brigade, commanded by Brigadier General...