《經略三關奏議 卷一》葺墩堡

 






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Bronze Guns (cannons) Glossary

  Part IV of The Bronze Guns of Leutze Park The terms which appear here are defined in the sense in which they apply to bronze ordnance. They were also used with iron smoothbore weapons; many are still used, in the same or in different senses, with modern ordnance. Cross-references to other terms defined here are indicated by italics . Astragal. Small, convex, half-round molding, usually found with a fillet on one or both sides. Moldings of this kind are thought to be vestigial traces of the iron bands originally shrunk around the first wrought-iron gun tubes. Their forms, as well as the terms to identify them, were, for the most part, borrowed from architecture. Bore . The interior of a gun barrel, from the chamber forward to the muzzle. Breech . The portion of a gun tube from the rear end of the chamber aft to the cascabel . Breech Face . Also called Base of Breech ; the rearward-facing portion of the gun tube between the breech ring and the knob of the cascabel . Breech Rin...
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瑞典钢铁工业史

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  The history of Swedish iron and steel industry The Swedish iron and steel industry has a long history beginning in the Middle Ages. The Period of Osmund It was merchants from Lübeck who, in the Middle Ages, began to interest the kings of Sweden in the export of iron on a large scale. It was also at that time that German mine owners and merchants acquired the rights to run their own operations in Sweden's miningareas and trading communities. Mining and foreign trade thereby paved the way for the integration of Sweden into the mainstream of European civilisation. The consequence was a new economic structure and the emergence of a broader society in the formerly agrarian Sweden. The Swedish iron exports during the Middle Ages comprised so-called osmunds– a standardised format of high-grade forged iron with a weight of just 3 hectograms.The osmund was an accepted object of barter both in Sweden and abroad and was also used as a form of payment with its value being determined by the C...
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